Impact Of Recession On Business Of British Airways Commerce Essay

Impact Of Recession On Business Of British Air ways mer puketilism EssayThe b completely-shaped economy is experiencing problems ever since. There be in possession of been nonable frugal recessions in international vocation history. These recessions were bring offd in a kind of ways depending on the strategies which were implemented on a argumentation-to-business basis. Each international comp whatsoever realize intensified their efforts in tack to come up with a variety of strategies which are geared towards the implementation of business policies and practices aimed towards the reduction of the fix of scotch problems in the proceeding of their business. Depending on the extent of damage that the recession has caused the pecuniary functioning of a particular keep guild, they start out differing efforts in term of redirecting their strategies and goals just to be able to combat the adverse set up of this frugal downturn. Some efforts spend a penny proven to b e effective. Unfortunately, some turn up to be not effective which even forged some businesses to shut down or to merge with other businesses in order to battle the survival of the fittest in the environment of the worlds toughest businesses.In the field of economics, the term economic recession is described to an incident in the website of a country wherein the gross domestic product reflects a negative growth in a period of at least two conse mowive accommodate1. Given the position that the joined States is the planetary leader when it comes to the consumption of goods and operate, once this country experiences the phenomena of the recession, such leave behind send shockwaves to the global economy and depart ineluctably affect the other countries in the world. When the United States experienced the phenomenon of the economic recession, m whatever countries work been affected and their economy excessively experienced a downturn as the pecuniary crisis hit their respecti ve areas and shows do which are negative to the business.Furthermore, in a scholastic work published by Leamer (2008), he stated that it is not enough that we only take a look at the two consecutive quarter negative growth of the gross domestic product in order to define recession. In his work, he menti aned that recession according to the National Bureau of Economic Research refers to that situation wherein there is a significant defy in activity spread across the economy, lasting more than a few months, visible in industrial production, employment, real income, and wholesale-retail trade. much(prenominal) definition of the fantasy of economic recession takes a broader look on the phenomenon rather than paying dedicated attention on the decline of the nations gross domestic product. There are other academic works which contest the inclusion of only the gross domestic product in understanding economic recession.The point of recession is not primarily con centrated only on angi otensin converting enzyme sector of the economy that is why there is a need to take a look at economy-wide measures in order to fully understand the theory which lies beneath such economic activity. The committee as well as holds that there are four indicators which wil be utile in understanding economic recession including employment, personal income less transfer payments, and volume of sales of the manufacturing and trade sectors, and industrial production.2This concept strengthens the assumption that understanding the occurrence of economic recession cannot be full by only looking at the gross domestic product, rather it as well entails an understanding of other economic variables which may prove to be just as useful in understanding recession.The occurrence of e very(prenominal) recession in the global economy can be characterized by the painful affix in the rate of unemployment and a decline in the personal income of the citizens of the nation3. Such aspects should not be forgotten in order to understand the realizable signs to outcry that the economy is in trouble and it is in fact experiencing the occurrence of recession. In 2001, when economists claim that the United States is experiencing economic recession, such signs have been visible in their business performance. Although the occurrence of such has been ponderous to accept, there is no way but to do so to preempt on with global business. As mentioned earlier, to fully combat recession, various strategies have been formulated in order to ameliorate business performance with the objective of manner of speaking in additional improvement for the company to provide a give out living on its employees. eyepatch some efforts have proved to be useful, it is very unhappy that some caused more trouble and resulted with a number of companies shutting down, especi whollyy the small ones and those which were hardly hit, causing a big number of employees to have lost their jobs.In the course of th is paper, the investigator entrust acquire the concept of recession, including the variety in its definition and the signs which will be indicative of the economic trouble. While studying the concepts which underlie recession, the look intoer will study the case to the situation faced by the British Airways, one of the worlds providers for air travel. Just like any other businesses, it cannot be denied that British Airways also experienced recession. The paper will examine how the company faced these problems, including the strategy which it has formulated to combat recession and also the long term effect which were brought active by the recession. look PURPOSEAs what has been mentioned, economic recession is a global phenomenon. The United States is a global leader in business, any economic downturn in the country will send shockwaves all over the world, affecting every local market. The briny purpose of this research is to take a impendent look on the impacts of global reces sion in the economy of United landed estate, specifically in the business performance of British Airways. In the course of the research process, adhering to its main purpose, various economic indicators will be studied to know how it leads to the occurrence of economic recession. Furthermore, the snapper of the study will be focused on the business of British Airways and will look at how recession affects its global business in terms of sales, profitability, and sustainability of the business in the global market.RESEARCH QUESTIONTo fully understand the study, the researcher will be guided with several indecisions which will shape the infantry and book binding of this paper. The research questions will guide the researcher to be able to achieve desired results of this study. angiotensin-converting enzyme of the questions which the research will try to consequence will be those associated with recession itself including how it occurs, historical background, what are the signs and indications that the economy is indeed experiencing recession, and its variety of effects on different businesses globally. Moreover, with much more intensive focus, the research intends to resolve question regarding the business performance and status of British Airways in the global market. The study will answer questions including those associated with the indications that the business of British Airways is indeed affected by economic recession and what are the efforts including business strategies and re path of business practices done by the company to combat the inevitable effects brought about by recession. The main question which the research will consider will include main focus on the significant effects of recession with British Airways in terms of sales, profit, and sustainability.RESEARCH STRATEGY AND DESIGNThe design of research which will be utilized in the conduct of this study will be a conclusive research. The researcher opted for this research design because of the belief that such design will be the close to useful and most appropriate in the process of gathering applicable information and in provision of the effects which the occurrence of economic recession has brought in the business of British Airways. The conclusive research is a formal and structure research in which entropy will be subjected to quantitative depth psychology4. By quantitative analysis, the research will develop use of paradeation of germane(predicate) figures especially those related to sales and profit in order to fully grasp the effect of recession in the business. Moreover, the type of conclusive research which will be utilized in the study is descriptive research. Descriptive research is one of the two types of conclusive research wherein the major objective is the interpretation of something, which unremarkably refers to market functions or characteristics. In the case of this study, the researcher will describe the characteristics of the market of British Airways as reflected by the obvious results of economic recession. This will be made possible by providing a picture of the current situation of the company in the global landscape. The major assumption in which the research will operate is that these characteristics are brought about by the inevitable effects of global economic recession in every international business. It will include the description of various groups related to the critical operation of the business such as the consumers, salespeople, organizations, and the market areas. Through a description of these relevant groups, the researcher will chance upon it easier to provide a look at the effects of recession as shown by the people who were affected the mostly by the occurrence of such situation. Such research design is also expected to provide an association of to until what degree is marketing variables associated with such economic situation.The research strategy will attempt to answer the 6 Ws which are associated with the conduct of a descriptive, conclusive research. The first is concerned as to who were considered the market of the business, which pertains to the bulk of passengers flying through British Airways. Another one will be what information are relevant and can be obtained on these passengers such as on why, if ever, they no longer fly the utter airline. The research strategy will also attempt to delve into when such incident began to happen, where, and why it leads to such situation. Lastly, the chosen research design will also provide information as to the ways in which the company combats the recession.RESEARCH METHODOLOGYThe research methodology will include data collection and analysis which will provide a better understanding of the issue at hand. Because of the difficulty of obtaining first hand information from the groups which are directly concerned with British Airways including its market of passengers and the authorities or business divisions which are asso ciated in the performance of business, the data will mainly come from secondary sources which will provide the backbone of the study. The primary sources of information will be useful in this study because they can provide first hand information on the problem because they have a direct connection to the business. Nonetheless, such will be hard to obtain and will entail dedicated time to be extracted. With that, the researcher opted to make use of secondary data sources which will also provide the same quality of information as primary data.The secondary data which will be collected in the purpose of this study will include those information extracted from secondary sources such as books, academic journal, scholastic articles, and information which will be derived from the website. It will include sources such as annual company reports and financial statements which will show relevant quantitative information which will prove the claim that the occurrence of economic recession has i ndeed affected the business operation of the company. This information were previously collected and used for other problems, other than the topic of the researcher. Nonetheless, to be discoverd that the use of such data is valid, the researcher will see to it that those data were used on studies which are of the same context as to that of this research. These data will be carefully analyzed, including methods to verify the veracity of the sources and steps to assure that the data are genuine and indeed reflective of the situation of the company. There is a need to careful select the sources so as to be assured of relevant information usage. A thorough analysis of these data will assure the researcher of a more crystalline study with findings which are true. The data will be analyzed to derive information relevant to the economic situation and to in get actual variables in business operation. If these data are not carefully analyzed, a weak research will result. With that, the res earcher will put an utmost importance to data analysis to be assured of reaching the purpose and objectives of this study as these data try to answer the relevant research questions.VALIDITY AND COHERENCEAside from a careful analysis and presentation of information relevant in the completion of this research, the researcher also puts an unwavering accent on the validity and coherence of the information. This means that the data which will be presented must reflect only what is relevant or essential in the study that is, economic recession and will omit information which are invalid, or those which are related to variables other than recession. The data must be also coherent with the purpose of the study to avoid deviance from the topic at hand.REVIEW OF RELATED CONCEPTS AND THEORIESCurrently, British Airways is celebrating 90 years of flying with pride, providing its wide array of clients with keen services on their flights resulting to ultimate customer satisfaction. To fully u nderstand the current business of British Airways, it is also of utmost importance that we take a closer look at its extensive history. The very generator of the rich history of this airline can be traced back as early as the beginning of the history of civil aviation pioneering on the days after thee First World War. After a period of 90 years since the worlds first register air service which happened on August 25, 1919, there have been a lot of changes in terms of air travel. Each decade was marked by new innovation and developments which brought British Airways into its current position in the global market. The first decade of the operation of the company was marked by launching the worlds very first international scheduled air service which flew between London and Paris. The second decade, however, was characterized by the merging of Britains four major fledging airlines to provide a better service to the flying public. On the other hand, the third decade was marked by the me rging of small air transport companies in the United Kingdom to form the British Airways Limited which became the primary competitor of the merger formed by the four companies during the second century. Furthermore, on the fourth, fifth, and sixth decade up to the present of the companys operation, more and more innovations had been on the rise to make the airlines known in the global market in terms of provision of excellent air services5.It is give tongue to that British Airways is United Kingdoms largest international scheduled airline with flights to 148 key destinations globally at best located airports. It is also said to be one of the leading scheduled premium international airline in the world. The principal business of the company is in the airport in Heathrow, which is one of the premiere airports in the world and serving a relatively large geographical area. During the end of the year 2009, it is said according to company statistics that they have already flown a jibe o f 33 one million million million passengers in different key destinations globally. During the same year, the company said that they have earned nearly a total of 9 billion in revenue which was more or less 2.7% higher than the revenue which they have generated in the previous year. The traffic of passenger is said to have accounted to 87.1 per cent of the total revenue, 7.5 per cent is attributed to airline cargo and 5.4 pr cent is constituted from other business activities of the airline6.The main activities which were carried out by British Airways in the course of its business operation include undertakings on both local and international scheduled air services involving carriage of the traveling public, and freight and mail and provision of adjuvant services. The fleet of the company operates in different places in the global landscape with 38 networks in the America, 9 in the United Kingdom, 67 in Europe,12 in Middle East and South Asia,15 in Africa and 7 in Asia Pacific. These networks of operation of British Airways only go to show that the company has intensified operations all over the globe. Such also connotes that once economic trouble comes along the way of their operation, it is indeed inevitable that the global operation on these locations will also be dramatically affected7.The occurrence of global recession has affected global markets and brought about bad performance for every global business. One of the most significant years in which the recession was felt in the global market was during the year 2001. When the World Trade Center bombing happened, the economy of the United States suffered and it sent shockwaves to different local economies which affected the global market as well. The effects brought about by recession did not only last during that year. Until the present, the effects of the said recession can still be felt by some while others have already recovered from the economic downturn in terms of realizable increase on their sa les and profit. During the first month of 2009, it was holdd that Britain was experiencing recession8. While some are actually trying hard to escape the adverse effects of recession, unfortunately for Britain its effects were highly realized and very visible in their economy. This was said to be one of the most unfortunate events in the history of the countrys economy since the 1990s where it experienced the adverse effects of the episode of economic recession.When the British economy was declared to be officially in recession during January 2009, the Office for National Statistics announced that the gross domestic product of the countrys economy showed a decline of 1.5 per cent during the last quarter of the year 2008 and a .6 per cent drop-off during the previous quarter. Following the definition of recession, which connotes two quarters of consecutive drop in the gross domestic product of the country, such statistics would have been enough to show that indeed the British econom y is slimy from a recession, just like most economies in the global landscape. Prior to this occurrence of recession, the biggest drop in the gross domestic product of Britain is said to be during the 1980s. The recession brought about in Britain is said to be because of the direct result of the credit noise in the global market in which manifestations were seen and felt as early as August 2007 and seen to be worsening during the autumn of 2008. The central problem is said to be the banks operating in Britain which is said to have invested their reserves into assets which were assumed to be illiquid, unsafe, and worthless. This uncertainty in the economic situation is said to be detrimental into different businesses in Britain for reasons including lack of credit opportunities which resulted into the companies weakened abilities to hire workers, make new investments, and start innovative projects. This prompted various economic activities to slow down and cut back on the two main drivers of growth which include investment and employment9.Although recession was just declared in Britain during the year 2009, the early effects of such economic occurrence have been already felt by British Airways during the year 2001 in which the economic downturn in the United States have sent shockwaves towards other economies in the globe. During the 2001-2002 Annual identify which was released by British Airways, it acknowledges the fact that they have been on a bad year of operation as shown by their sales and profit margins. In the statement of the chairman of the company during that year, it showed that the company incurred a pre-tax loss of 200 million pounds compared to the previous year in which they registered a profit amounting to 150 million pounds. To add to the consequences of the economic downturn, no interim dividend has been paid and the Board also recommended not paying any net dividend because they have been operating on a loss. The disappointing financial report in their annual operation that year did not at all affect the shareholders for it was somewhat expected because of the obvious situation in the global economy. That year was also regarded as the worst in their operations, although it has not been the most difficult by far for the management. On that same year, the people working behind the company were also affected. There has been a significant 20 per cent reduction in the workforce of the company brought about by thee economic crisis. Nonetheless, this reduction was done on a voluntary basis such as through elect severance and early retirement10. Moreover, also on the annual report for the year 2002, the Chief Executive Officer of British Airways strengthen the assumption that the company is experiencing financial crisis as brought about by the global recession. They considered that year to be the toughest in the history of their business and they also considered it as an impact of the terrorist attack in the United Stat es affecting the general of the global economies. In their efforts to bring back the company in the landscape of profitability, they have formulated various strategies and policies which are all geared towards a better business performance in the upcoming years. They have formulated various activities in order to practice cost efficiency and used technology in order to develop a more convenient way for the public to be bale to book their flights11.When the economy of Britain was declare to be experiencing recession during January 2009, in the Annual Report released by the British Airlines the occurrence of such has also been acknowledged as shown by their business performance on that given operating year. The company also recognized that the global airline industry is highly and fiercely competitive subject into heavy global regulations, and highly exposed to the changes which were evident in the behavior and confidence of the consuming public. They are even more challenged with th e current economic situation that is an economy which was suffering highly from the consequences of the occurrence of recession. The sharp declines in growth can also be highly associated with record prices in oil and commodity and the unprecedented financial crisis bringing about global recession. One of the most significant effects of recession in British Airways is seen on the market to which it caters. The most significant impact of recession in the airline company is reflected by its premium passengers who cut back sharply their travel spending in order to save money. Statistics shows a significant 2.8 per cent decrease in the traffic of premium passengers in British Airways. This is said to last longer because a recent survey showed that almost 47 per cent of businesses will incur fewer travels abroad in order to save. In addition to this, more passengers are opting to spend the holidays in the powderpuff of their own homes to cut back on costs12.Furthermore, in a statement which was released by the Chief Financial Officer of British Airways, he acknowledges the fact that during the previous year that their record profitability has put them into a condition in which they can combat economic slowdown. However, with the recession greeting the year 2009, it proved otherwise as they have suffered from dramatic losses in terms of sales and profit making them face the sharpest downturn in the course of the history of their business. When they have incurred profit in the previous year, they said that they are in a good position to combat economic downturn and the perpetual increase in the price of fuel. Unfortunately such did not come true and they instead suffer from the consequences of the poor condition of the economy in the global landscape. In order to control the effects of recession, measures to be able to combat market, credit, capital, and liquidity risks have also been implemented. The over-all management of these risks is focused on the unpredictab ility of the financial markets as it seeks to minimize the adverse effects brought about by the occurrence of recession. More efforts have been extended by the management to be bale to combat the asperity of recession and to bring back profit in the operation of the business of Britush Airways13.The business of British Airways during the turbulent time of economic recession can be better understood by taking a closer look at the key performance indicators of the business. Because of the unprecedented downturn in economic conditions, the company was not able to meet their financial target. In terms of their financial operating margin, a loss has been incurred attributed to soaring fuel prices and the economic recession14.In December of 2008, the International Air Transport Association a 2.5 billion dollars in terms of loss for the airline travel industry to be brought about by decrease in traffic because more people or travelers are cutting down on their costs because of the economi c crisis. These were brought about by current economic conditions. After the economic downturn brought about in 2001, the airline industry recovered during the year 206 but that does not seem to be for long because eon January of 2009, recognizable losses in terms of profit have been incurred. Many of the worlds leading airlines, including British Airways, have been in poor financial health and are not well-equipped to combat the global recession.15The financial loss for the year 2008-2009 has been very drastic for the companys management and made them formulate strategies in order to combat the downturn. However, even though they are experiencing losses, they have not formulated any policy related to increase in air fare. The management believes that doing so will not help increase sales, rather it will just lower demand16.In the balance sheet which was released by the Annual Report of the British Airways, the total assets for the year 2008 totaled to 11,229,000 million pounds whic h was relatively lower compared to 11,938,000 million pounds during the year 2008. Moreover, their cash and cash equivalents for the year 2009 only totaled to 219 million pounds as against in 2008 where it was 433 million pounds17. These significant declines as reflected in the companys annual financial statements are enough testimonies to the fact that British Airways, just like any other company in Britain is indeed in the turmoil of economic recession.The management of British Airways acknowledges the fact that it has been a very difficult year for the financially but they are doing well financially. For the operating year 2008-2009, the company was able to incur a loss before tax amounting to 401 million pounds as compared to its profit before tax of 922 million pounds in the previous yea18r.In order to manage sustainability of business performance, the company is also geared towards various measures. One of which is to strengthen their name through their brand reputation. Their brand, being of significant commercial value, is taken well care so that it can be prevented from erosion and death from the publics perspective. Competition is also highly managed in order to achieve sustainability. The management ahs acknowledged the fact that indeed competition is very fierce in their industry. With that, they have formulated conscious efforts in order to get ahead of the competition and find their edge in the market. Moreover, other issues which were addressed in order to manage sustainability include employee relation, debt funding, management of environmental conditions, fuel prices and currency fluctuation, and deregulation among others19. In order to potentially manage sustainability despite an economy suffering from recession, the future direction of British Airways is also geared towards environmental related strategies which they hope will also increase their performance. The efforts of the company are focused towards adding value and enhancing their re putation in the global landscape while getting the trust of the shareholders and stakeholders in achieving a sustainable business20.Furthermore, to be able to combat the effects of such economic downturn, it is just but normal for British Airways and other businesses to invest on their intensive and conscious efforts to bring back profitability to the business. In the undeniably fabulously tough environment in which the airline operates, a dedicated focus is given towards pulling the business through the straightaway crisis as it embarks on immediate preparations for better economic times. They have developed strategies which were mostly based on an upgraded customer service, competitive cost base, corporate responsibility, perpetual plans for growth, and other strategies which aim to improve the way they do business21.

A level :: Design and Technology

A level ObjectiveThe challenging task that I have finalised and undertaken for thiscoursework is to build and tally a sensor. I decided to build a sensor,which would automatically change the speed of a fan by using athermistor. The main documental of the experiment was to monitor andrecord the voltage change as the temperature changes. Specifically, aspredicting that when the temperature increases the voltage wouldincrease and thus the fan speed would increase too, thus causing acooling effect to the environment.Data InformationThermistors argon thermally sensitive resistors and have, according to graphic symbol, a negative (NTC), or positive (PTC) resistance/temperaturecoefficient. A thermistor is a type of resistor whose resistancechanges significantly when its temperature changes.A negative temperature coefficient thermistor has a resistance thatdecreases with increase of temperature. This is the most common type.This is the type of resistor that I shall be evaluating and will b eusing in my experiment.A positive temperature coefficient thermistor has a resistance thatincreases with increase of temperature. The resistance of a semiconductor device generally decreases with increase of temperature.Semiconductors are therefore use to manufacture NTC thermistors.When the temperature of a semiconductor is increased, the keep down ofcharge carriers increases as more valence electrons promote sufficientenergy to break free from atoms to become conduction electrons. Thenumber of charge carriers increases as the temperature is increased sothe resistance of the semiconductor falls. Semiconductors are used tomake a wide range of electronic devices including electronic chips,light emitting diodes and solid-state lasers. Communications, commerceand entertainment have been revolutionised as a result ofsemiconductor devices. In galvanizingal terms, materials are classed aseither conductors or insulators or semiconductors.Semiconductors are solid materials with conducti vities in between thein truth high conductivity of metals and the very low conductivities ofinsulators. There are a variety of types of semiconductor, includingmetal oxides as well as elements like silicon and germanium. Ininsulators, essentially all the electrons are tightly bound to atomsor ions, and none are free to move under an external electric field.In effect, these materials do not conduct electrical energy at all. Inmetallic conductors, essentially all the atoms are ionised, providingfree electrons, which move freely through the ions and can move underan external electric field. These conduction electrons glue the ionstogether, and provide non-directional bonding which holds the materialtogether. They become shared amongst all the atoms in the materialinstead of remaining attached to one atom.Semiconductors differ from two insulators and metallic conductors.Only a small proportion of atoms are ionised, so that although thereare conduction electrons they are relatively smal l in number and the

A Character Analysis of Sir Lancelot Essay -- Sir Lancelot Essays

A Character Analysis of Sir Lancelot Sir Lancelot, from the stories of King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table, has become by far the closely democratic and well-remembered cavalry. Through Malorys rendition of traditional materials, we have inherited a character that has become the image of the quintessential sawhorse. How is it that the outsider, the foreigner, the upstart who wins Arthurs heart and Guineveres personate and soul (Walters xiv) has taken the localize that, prior to Malory, was reserved for Sir Gawain? Malory has made this character larger than life. Of the grandeur of Lancelot, Derek Brewer says, In the portrayal of Lancelot we gener aloney recognize a vein of extravagance. He is the closely obsessive of lovers, as he is the most beloved of ladies, and the greatest of fighters (8). To achieve this feat, Malory has molded Lancelot to fit the idea of the perfect knight and the perfect lover. The perfect knight is defined by the Chivalric Code set out in Le Morte DArthur as only to fight in just causes, at all times to be merciful, and at all times to put the service of ladies foremost (Malory 69). In this code, Lancelot is to be found exemplary. To render himself worthy as a knight of the Round Table, Lancelot must embark on a quest, and it is while on this quest that A seemingly constant series of victories wins him the title of the beat out knight in the world dedicated to defending the rights of the weak and the oppressed (Walters xxi). The perfect lover is a bit easier for the modern ref to understand, as it is much the aforesaid(prenominal) as today. To prove himself the perfect lover, Lancelot defends the honor of his Lady above all, denies himself the pleasure of all other ladies, and accepts whatever might... ... of all Christian knights none could match you You were the most formidable in battle and the most courteous in manners in the fraternity of warriors the most courageous, and in the company of ladies the gent lest of men, and in a immaculate cause implacable. And of great lovers surely you were the truest. So it is you shall be remembered (Malory 507). Works Cited App, August J.. Lancelot in English Literature, His Role and Character. newfound York Haskell House, 1965 Brewer, Derek. The launching of the Character of Lancelot. Lancelot and Guinevere, A Casebook. Ed. Lori J. Walters. New York Garland, 1996. 3-27 Malory, Thomas. Le Morte DArthur. Trans. Keith Malory. New York Mentor, 1962 Walters, Lori J.. Introduction. Lancelot and Guinevere, A Casebook. Ed. Lori J. Walters. New York Garland, 1996. xiii-lxxx A Character Analysis of Sir Lancelot Essay -- Sir Lancelot EssaysA Character Analysis of Sir Lancelot Sir Lancelot, from the stories of King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table, has become by far the most popular and well-remembered knight. Through Malorys rendition of traditional materials, we have inherited a character that has become the image of the qu intessential knight. How is it that the outsider, the foreigner, the upstart who wins Arthurs heart and Guineveres body and soul (Walters xiv) has taken the place that, prior to Malory, was reserved for Sir Gawain? Malory has made this character larger than life. Of the grandeur of Lancelot, Derek Brewer says, In the portrayal of Lancelot we generally recognize a vein of extravagance. He is the most obsessive of lovers, as he is the most beloved of ladies, and the greatest of fighters (8). To achieve this feat, Malory has molded Lancelot to fit the idea of the perfect knight and the perfect lover. The perfect knight is defined by the Chivalric Code set out in Le Morte DArthur as only to fight in just causes, at all times to be merciful, and at all times to put the service of ladies foremost (Malory 69). In this code, Lancelot is to be found exemplary. To prove himself worthy as a knight of the Round Table, Lancelot must embark on a quest, and it is while on this quest that A seeming ly never-ending series of victories wins him the title of the best knight in the world dedicated to defending the rights of the weak and the oppressed (Walters xxi). The perfect lover is a bit easier for the modern reader to understand, as it is much the same as today. To prove himself the perfect lover, Lancelot defends the honor of his Lady above all, denies himself the pleasure of all other ladies, and accepts whatever might... ... of all Christian knights none could match you You were the most formidable in battle and the most courteous in manners in the company of warriors the most courageous, and in the company of ladies the gentlest of men, and in a righteous cause implacable. And of great lovers surely you were the truest. So it is you shall be remembered (Malory 507). Works Cited App, August J.. Lancelot in English Literature, His Role and Character. New York Haskell House, 1965 Brewer, Derek. The Presentation of the Character of Lancelot. Lancelot and Guinevere, A Caseboo k. Ed. Lori J. Walters. New York Garland, 1996. 3-27 Malory, Thomas. Le Morte DArthur. Trans. Keith Malory. New York Mentor, 1962 Walters, Lori J.. Introduction. Lancelot and Guinevere, A Casebook. Ed. Lori J. Walters. New York Garland, 1996. xiii-lxxx

To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee :: essays research papers

To Kill a Mockingbird was written by Harper Lee. To Kill a Mockingbird takes describe in Maycomb Alabama, in the late 1930s early 1940s. In this story a lot of characters were introduced to the reader. Jem Finch played a big role in this book.any worms he assemble to one side. Hewere many other vital characters in this book, they wereCalpurnia was the Finchs maid, she was a great help raising Jem and outlook. Aunt Alexandra was Atticus sister, she came to help raise Jemand Scout, but the Jem and Scout didnt really like her because shewas very strict. Miss Maudie was Scouts favourite person to talk to,she always made cakes for Jem and Scout. Arthur (Boo) Radley was aman who lived in a big antiquated house down the street from the Finchs,Jem, Scout and Dill always wondered who Boo Radley was because henever came out of his house. Dill was a close friend of Jems andScouts, he always spent the summer with his Aunt crosswise the street.Tom Robinson was a black man convicted of raping Mayella Ewell.Mayella Ewell lived out in the country, didnt go to school, and justworked for her family. Miss Stephanie Crawford lived across the streetand always gave advice to Jem and Scout. Reverend Sykes was thepriest at the black church outside of town. Judge Taylor was thejudge during the trial of Tom Robinson. Bob Ewell was Mayellas father,he was an opponent of the Finchs. Mrs. Dubose was a mean old ladywho always put down Jem, Scout, and Atticus. Miss Rachel livedacross the street and always told Jem and Scout anything theyneeded to know. Mr. Heck Tate was the sheriff in town. In the story To Kill a Mockingbird there was lots of struggles andhardships that the Finchs and the town of Maycomb had to gothrough. Atticus was a lawyer and he was defending Tom Robinson, who wasconvicted of raping Mayella Ewell. in that location was a big court battle aftermany witnesses and questions Tom Robinson was found guilty on verylittle evidence. Tom Robinson was then shooter later trying to escapefrom jail. Jem, Scout and Dill always wanted to know what Boo Radley lookslike. They always try to lure him out of his own house. They tried tosend messages to him by a fishing pole, but they could never figureout why he doesnt come out. Mrs. Dubose lived down the street from the Finchs and when ever

Chaucer and the Catholic Church :: essays papers

Chaucer and the Catholic Church The Catholic Church, which governed England, Ireland, and the entire Continent of Europe, had become extremely wealthy by the late fourteenth century. The cathedrals that grew up around shrines to saints relics were incredibly expensive to build. The amount of gold that went into decorating them surpassed the riches in the nobles chest.Moreover the boxes used to hold the relics were much jewel-encrusted than the kings crown.In a Century of disease, plague, and scarce labor, the sight of a Church ornamented with unused gold seemed unfair to the people. Considering the Churches great display of material wealth, it suddenly seemed hypocritical for them to preach against greed. There is a two way process where the Church has an influence on the society and the society influences the Church. This is because it is the people from the society who make up the Church. Those same people became the characters the Geoffrey Chaucer used in The Canterbury Ta les. In the general prologue, various pilgrims are introduced, a Nun, a Munk, and a Friar, all remarkable figures of the Church. They represent clean-cut areas of Christianity, with some holding to strict worship of Christ and others clearly disobeying the laws. As the prologue continues, more characters are introduced, a Summoner and a Pardoner who represent the corruption of the Church.The Summoner is unlawful, treasonable to the Church and engages in un-christian like behaviors, such as having sexual relations with prostitutes. While the Pardoner is a dishonest person who shows no doubts about travel off false items as the relics of saints. Basically conning people of their money by making them believe that they have sinned and need to buy pardons.

Transportations Impact on Our World Essay -- Exploratory Essays Resea

Transportations Impact on Our World Methods of transportation have always occupied a certain niche in society. Beyond their obvious practical use, transports from horses to speed boats to sports cars embody the romance and intrigue of travel. However, beyond the obvious effect low fuel-efficiency standards have had on defilement in the United States and elsewhere, the environmental impacts of transportation are rarely taken into account. Advances in transportation have had two main effects on the environment. Technological advances in transportation are some of the direct reasons behind particulate emissions, global warming and other pollution problems of the industrial age. In addition, transportation has neutralized barriers to public exposure across the world, ensuring the spread of innovation, technology and disease around the world.As transportation has become much mechanized, and as we have increased our use of fossil fuels to supporting that mechanization, its effects on th e environment have become clear. As Al Gore clearly stated, he believes that the internal combustion engine was the worst foundation humans ever made. From an environmental standpoint, he has something of a point, albeit a rather misguided one. As of yet advances of transportation have had the side effect of bulky amounts of pollution. I say side effects not to degrade the seriousness of the pollution that we spew out daily, but simply because I doubt precise seriously whether engineers planned or were in any way aware of the possible implications their inventions would have. However that does not mitigate the damage their creations have caused. Shipbuilding in the middle ages led to the deforestation of massive amounts of Europe, Britain, and parts of the U... ...uest to South America. His advantage in ships shaped the future of Latin America. Global transportation opens the door to more than technology. The diffusion of disease has also depended on the advantages transportati on provides. As Europeans expanded beyond their cold dreary continent, they unfortunately brought their disease with them. Sm each(prenominal)pox, measles, influenza, typhus, and the bubonic plague were all introduced from Europe to the Americas, leading to massive deaths in the native population. Even today, as the threat of Sars (severe acute respiratory syndrome) spreads rapidly from Hong Kong, it is clear that transportation has more effects beyond merely moving from place to place. Considering the effects it has had in the past and continues to have today, its importance and the emphasis we place on its efficiency and pollution can have global consequences.

the Cathedral :: essays research papers

OUT and OUTThe buzz- maxim snarled and rattled in the yard And made ashes and dropped stove-length sticks of wood, Sweet-scented stuff when the breeze drew across it. And from there those that lifted eyes could count Five mountain ranges one behind the other on a lower floor the sunset far into Vermont. And the saw snarled and rattled, snarled and rattled, As it ran light, or had to bear a load. And nothing happened day was all but done. Call it a day, so they said To please the boy by giving him the half hour That a boy counts so much when saved from work. His sister stood beside them in her apron To tell them "Supper." At the word, As to put the saw down to rest As the saw knew what supper meantThe saw, leaped out at the boys hand, or seemed to leap He must have given it a flick of the hand. However it was, The saw met its final lay at rest on the arm of the girl. The boys first phone call was a rueful laugh, As his sister remained silent as if nothing was of colossal m attersAs he froze in astonishment of what had just occurred,Half in appeal, but half as if to keep His sisters life from spilling. Then the boy saw all Since he was old enough to know, big boy Doing a mans work, though a child at heart He could not bear to see what the saw has done.It was not his doing but the saw,Or was it him that caused this atrocity? Why was he given the half hour?Why couldnt they let him work into the evening?It was not his fault,His sister screamed supper to him.He saw all spoiled. "Dont them see who has done thisThe doctor, when he comes. Dont let him, sister" Sister could not comprehend what has become of the boy,But the raising was done, and the outcome was the boy. What would happen to him? non his sister, but to him?The doctor put him in the dark of ether. All attention was to be given to the boys sister.He cannot allow this to be his fault.He lay and puffed his lips out with his breath. He paced to and fro, thinking, thinking,Of what to do, what to say now.And then-the watcher of the girls pulse took fright. No one believed. They listened at her heart.