Civil and Criminal Punishments Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Civil and Criminal Punishments - Assignment Example The paper will also explain the differences between civil penalties and criminal punishments, explaining whether punishments between a case tried at criminal level and civil level should correlate. A civil court is one that deals with cases related to disputes between organizations or individuals. Civil courts award victims with compensation. Civil courts deal with civil or common wrongs that are not criminal in nature such as disputes relating to credit card payments, allegations of breach of contract, compensations disagreements between tenants and landlords (Scaros, 2004). According to Currier & Eimermann (2009), lawsuits are usually filed in civil courts by organizations or individuals who believe they have been physically and financially hurt by another organization or individual. The types of remedies available in civil courts depend on several factors such as the type of claims made, the authority of the court, the defendant’s conduct and the harm that has been suffered or may be suffered. The remedies in civil courts usually depend on the strengths of one’s case and the opponent’s case, one’s resourcefulness and ability to present facts and the ability of the attorneys of both sides to represent their clients as required (Scaros, 2004). The types of remedies available in civil courts include: This is normally the usual and standard remedy for damages in civil courts. They are the payments awarded by a civil court, paid as compensation for injury or loss (Currier & Eimermann, 2009). Money damages usually consist of nominal damages, attorney’s fees, interest, punitive damages and compensatory damages. They are usually intended to settle the grief of the aggrieved party in civil cases (Powell, 1993). These are usually given so as to stop certain conducts of the accused. The civil court orders or prohibits against conditions or acts that have been requested. The orders given are called injunctions and they require one to either do

Economics Review Essay Example for Free

Economics Review Essay 1. Describe some of the trade-offs faced by each of the following: 1. a family deciding whether to buy a new car 2. a member of Congress deciding how much to spend on national parks 3. a company president deciding whether to open a new factory 4. a professor deciding how much to prepare for class 5. a recent college graduate deciding whether to go to graduate school 2. You are trying to decide whether to take a vacation. Most of the costs of the vacation (airfare, hotel, and forgone wages) are measured in dollars, but the benefits of the vacation are psychological. How can you compare the benefits to the costs? 3. You were planning to spend Saturday working at your part-time job, but a friend asks you to go skiing. What is the true cost of going skiing? Now suppose you had been planning to spend the day studying at the library. What is the cost of going skiing in this case? Explain. 4. You win $100 in a basketball pool. You have a choice between spending the money now or putting it away for a year in a bank account that pays 5 percent interest. What is the opportunity cost of spending the $100 now? 5. The company that you manage has invested $5 million in developing a new product, but the development is not quite finished. At a recent meeting, your salespeople report that the introduction of competing products has reduced the expected sales of your new product to $3 million. If it would cost $1 million to finish development and make the product, should you go ahead and do so? What is the most that you should pay to complete development? 6. The Social Security system provides income for people over age 65. If a recipient of Social Security decides to work and earn some income, the amount he or she receives in Social Security benefits is typically reduce 6. How does the provision of Social Security affect peoples incentive to save while working? 7. How does the reduction in benefits associated with higher earnings affect peoples incentive to work past age 65? 7. A 1996 bill reforming the federal governments antipoverty programs limited many welfare recipients to only two years of benefits. 8. How does this change affect the incentives for working? 9. How might this change represent a trade-off between equality and efficiency? 8. Your roommate is a better cook than you are, but you can clean more quickly than your roommate can. If your roommate did all the cooking and you did all the cleaning, would your chores take you more or less time than if you divided each task evenly? Give a similar example of how specialization and trade can make two countries both better off. 9. Explain whether each of the following government activities is motivated by a concern about equality or a concern about efficiency. In the case of efficiency, discuss the type of market failure involve 10. regulating cable TV prices 11. providing some poor people with vouchers that can be used to buy food 12. prohibiting smoking in public places 13. breaking up Standard Oil (which once owned 90 percent of all oil refineries) into several smaller companies 14. imposing higher personal income tax rates on people with higher incomes 15. instituting laws against driving while intoxicated 10. Discuss each of the following statements from the standpoints of equality and efficiency. 16. Everyone in society should be guaranteed the best healthcare possible. 17. When workers are laid off, they should be able to collect unemployment benefits until they find a new job. 11. In what ways is your standard of living different from that of your parents or grandparents when they were your age? Why have these changes occurred? 12. Suppose Americans decide to save more of their incomes. If banks lend this extra saving to businesses, which use the funds to build new factories, how might this lead to faster growth in productivity? W ho do you suppose benefits from the higher productivity? Is society getting a free lunch? 13. In 2010, President Barack Obama and Congress enacted a healthcare reform bill in the United States. Two goals of the bill were to provide more Americans with health insurance (via subsidies for lower-income households financed by taxes on higher-income households) and to reduce the cost of healthcare (via various reforms in how healthcare is provided). 18. How do these goals relate to equality and efficiency? 19. How might healthcare reform increase productivity in the United States? 2 0. How might healthcare reform decrease productivity in the United States? 14. During the Revolutionary War, the American colonies could not raise enough tax revenue to fully fund the war effort; to make up this difference, the colonies decided to print more money. Printing money to cover expenditures is sometimes referred to as an inflation tax. Who do you think is being taxed when more money is printed? Why? 15. Imagine that you are a policymaker trying to decide whether to reduce the rate of inflation. To make an intelligent decision, what would you need to know about inflation, unemployment, and the trade-off between them? 16. A policymaker is deciding how to finance the construction of a new airport. He can either pay for it by increasing citizens taxes or by printing more money. What are some of the short-run and long-run consequences of each option? Chapter 2 1. Draw a circular-flow diagram. Identify the parts of the model that correspond to the flow of goods and services and the flow of dollars for each of the following activities. 1. Selena pays a storekeeper $1 for a quart of milk. 2. Stuart earns $4.50 per hour working at a fastfood restaurant. 3. Shanna spends $30 to get a haircut. 4. Sally earns $10,000 from her 10 percent ownership of Acme Industrial. 2. Imagine a society that produces military goods and consumer goods, which well call guns and butter. 5. Draw a production possibilities frontier for guns and butter. Using the concept of opportunity cost, explain why it most likely has a bowed-out shape. 6. Show a point that is impossible for the economy to achieve. Show a point that is feasible but inefficient. 7. Imagine that the society has two political parties, called the Hawks (who want a strong military) and the Doves (who want a smaller military). Show a point on your production possibilities frontier that the Hawks might choose and a point the Doves might choose. 8. Imagine that an aggressive neighboring country reduces the size of its military. As a result, both the Hawks and the Doves reduce their desired production of guns by the same amount. Which party would get the bigger peace dividend, measured by the increase in butter production? Explain. 3. The first principle of economics discussed in Chapter 1 is that people face trade-offs. Use a production possibilities frontier to illustrate societys trade-off between two goods—a clean environment and the quantity of industrial output. What do you suppose determines the shape and position of the frontier? Show what happens to the frontier if engineers develop a new way of producing electricity that emits fewer pollutants. 4. An economy consists of three workers: Larry, Moe, and Curly. Each works ten hours a day and can produce two services: mowing lawns and washing cars. In an hour, Larry can either mow one lawn or wash one car; Moe can either mow one lawn or wash two cars; and Curly can either mow two lawns or wash one car. 9. Calculate how much of each service is produced under the following circumstances, which we label A, B, C, and D: * †¢ All three spend all their time mowing lawns. (A) * †¢ All three spend all their time washing cars. (B) * †¢ All three spend half their time on each activity. (C) * †¢ Larry spends half his time on each activity, while Moe only washes cars and Curly only mows lawns. (D) 10. Graph the production possibilities frontier for this economy. Using your answers to part (a), identify points A, B, C, and D on your graph. 11. Explain why the production possibilities frontier has the shape it does. 12. Are any of the allocations calculated in part (a) inefficient? Explain. 5. Classify the following topics as relating to microeconomics or macroeconomics. 13. a familys decision about how much income to save 14. the effect of government regulations on auto emissions 15. the impact of higher national saving on economic growth 16. a firms decision about how many workers to hire 17. the relationship between the inflation rate and changes in the quantity of money 6. Classify each of the following statements as positive or normative. Explain. 18. Society faces a short-run trade-off between inflation and unemployment. 19. A reduction in the rate of money growth will reduce the rate of inflation. 20. The Federal Reserve should reduce the rate of money growth. 21. Society ought to require welfare recipients to look for jobs. 22. Lower tax rates encourage more work and more saving. 7. If you were president, would you be more interested in your economic advisers positive views or their normative views? Why?

SECURITY :: essays research papers

A firewall is a set of related programs, located at a network gateway server, that protects the resources of a private network from users from other networks. (The term also implies the security policy that is used with the programs.) An enterprise with an intranet that allows its workers access to the wider Internet installs a firewall to prevent outsiders from accessing its own private data resources and for controlling what outside resources its own users have access to. Basically, a firewall, working closely with a router program, examines each network packet to determine whether to forward it toward its destination. A firewall also includes or works with a proxy server that makes network requests on behalf of workstation users. A firewall is often installed in a specially designated computer separate from the rest of the network so that no incoming request can get directly at private network resources. There are a number of firewall screening methods. A simple one is to screen requests to make sure they come from acceptable (previously identified) domain name and Internet Protocol addresses. For mobile users, firewalls allow remote access in to the private network by the use of secure logon procedures and authentication certificates. A number of companies make firewall products. Features include logging and reporting, automatic alarms at given thresholds of attack, and a graphical user interface for controlling the firewall. Encryption is the conversion of data into a form, called a ciphertext, that cannot be easily understood by unauthorized people. Decryption is the process of converting encrypted data back into its original form, so it can be understood. The use of encryption/decryption is as old as the art of communication. In wartime, a cipher, often incorrectly called a "code," can be employed to keep the enemy from obtaining the contents of transmissions. (Technically, a code is a means of representing a signal without the intent of keeping it secret; examples are Morse code and ASCII.) Simple ciphers include the substitution of letters for numbers, the rotation of letters in the alphabet, and the "scrambling" of voice signals by inverting the sideband frequencies. More complex ciphers work according to sophisticated computer algorithms that rearrange the data bits in digital signals. In order to easily recover the contents of an encrypted signal, the correct decryption key is required. The key is an algorithm that "undoes" the work of the encryption algorithm. Alternatively, a computer can be used in an attempt to "break" the cipher.

Main Themes in a Farewell to Arms

Written in 1929 by Ernest Hemingway, A Farewell to Arms has always been considered a classic piece of literature. A major source of the novel's success is how its themes tied into real life experiences during the First World War. While soldiers of the war fought for their country, they searched for love to escape total chaos and destruction. The two main themes in A Farewell to Arms are the gruesome reality of war and the relationship between love and pain. The first main theme of A Farewell to Arms is the devastation that war brings. Just as the title explains, A Farewell to Arms deals primarily with the process by which the protagonist, Frederic Henry, disconnects himself from the war and leaves it behind. While there are a few characters in the novel who actually support the effort, such as Ettore Moretti, a majority of the characters remain uncertain about the war, angry of the complete devastation it causes, and unconvinced of the splendor it supposedly brings. For example, while Henry and Passini discuss the war, Henry says, â€Å"I believe we should get the war over†¦ It would not finish if one side stopped fighting. It would only be worse if we stopped fighting† (Chapter 9, Page 49). The second main theme of the novel is the connection between love and pain. While the war takes place, Hemingway depicts the true, mysterious behavior of love. Although Catherine mourns for her dead fiance, she quickly begins to seduce Henry. Her intentions for courting Henry are obvious, that is she wants to separate herself from the pain of losing her fiance by finding a new love to fill the void. Likewise, Henry attempts to distance himself from the war as much as possible. By doing so, Henry and Catherine find comfort within each other from the dilemmas that surround them. Just like they fell in love with each other, Henry's feelings for Catherine pass just as quickly as he witnesses her death. As he gives farewell to Catherine's body, Henry says, â€Å"But after I got them to leave and shut the door and turned off the light it wasn't any good. It was like saying good-by to a statue. After a while I went out and left the hospital and walked back to he hotel in the rain† (Chapter 41, Page 332). Although Henry and Catherine genuinely loved each other, Henry's heart is now void without the companionship of Catherine. The tragedy of A Farewell to Arms is that their love, although authentic, can never be more than temporary. In my opinion, I enjoyed this novel for a few reasons. First, A Farewell to Arms is a semi-autobiography about Hemingway and his time fighting in the Italian campaigns during World War I. Secondly, the novel is able to give perspective of the troubles and triumphs of those soldiers that fought during the war. Finally, the mysterious love that Henry and Catherine have for each other proved to be interesting and unusual. In conclusion, A Farewell to Arms proved to be a masterpiece in my opinion. While addressing the struggles and feats of those soldiers who fought during World War I, we are able to dive into the conscious of a unique fighter who parts himself from the war as much as possible while trying to find true love, even though the reasoning behind finding love was only to help escape from the war.

Topics History

Choosing one of the following topics, you will write a 750 to 1 000 word paper based on the reading of Pocahontas and the Phaeton Dilemma. This paper must be computer generated, double-spaced, with standard one-inch margins and 12 pat. Font. Papers must answer the question(s) using at least two (2), and no more than three (3), quotes from the book that are properly cited. Quotes can be no longer than three (3) sentences. Please reference the Essay Guidelines handout and the citations handout, both of which can be mound on Blackboard.Both handouts will provide you with more specific instructions regarding style, citations, and organization. 1) What exactly is the Phaeton dilemma? In answering this question, describe the various ways that both Pocahontas and the other peoples of Phaeton's confederacy attempted to resolve this problem. What consequences resulted from their methods? Or 2) How does this book present an alternate story about Pocahontas that challenges the traditional stor y found in previous books, movies, and Disney orators.Please provide evidence for your argument (answer) using quotes from the Townsend book. Note: Each paper must have a title page and a bibliography. Papers must have a strong and clear introduction, use solid topic sentences in the body of the paper to introduce each part of your argument in answering the question, and a clear and concise conclusion which ties the paper together. Papers that fail to address any of these requirements will have points deducted accordingly.

The History of Coca-Cola and John Pemberton

The History of Coca-Cola and John Pemberton In May 1886, Coca-Cola was invented by Doctor John Pemberton, a pharmacist from Atlanta, Georgia. According to the Coca-Cola Company, Pemberton developed the syrup for the famed beverage, which was sampled at the local Jacobs Pharmacy and deemed to be excellent. The syrup was combined with carbonated water to create a new Delicious and Refreshing drink. Pemberton concocted the famed Coca-Cola formula in a three-legged brass kettle in his backyard.   Birth of Coca-Cola The name of Coca-Cola was a suggestion given by Pembertons bookkeeper Frank Robinson. As the recipe for the syrup called for coca leaf extract and caffeine from the kola nut, the name Coca Kola was easy to come up with. However, Robinson, who was known for having excellent penmanship, thought that using two Cs in the name would look striking in advertising. As such kola became cola, and the brand name was born. Robinson can also be credited with creating the first scripted Coca-Cola using the flowing letters that serve as the famous logo of today. The soft drink was first sold to the public at the soda fountain in Jacobs Pharmacy in Atlanta on May 8, 1886. About nine servings of the soft drink were sold each day. Sales for that first year added up to a total of about $50. The first year of business wasnt much of a success, though, as it cost Pemberton over $70 in expenses to create the drink, resulting in a loss. Asa Candler In 1887, another Atlanta pharmacist and businessman, Asa Candler, bought the formula for Coca-Cola from  Pemberton for $2,300. Unfortunately, Pemberton died just a few years later. By the late 1890s, Coca-Cola was one of Americas most popular fountain drinks, largely due to Candlers aggressive marketing of the product. With Candler now at the helm, the Coca-Cola Company increased syrup sales by over 4,000 percent between 1890 and 1900. While the Coca-Cola Company denies this claim, historical evidence shows that it is likely that, until 1905, the soft drink, which was marketed as a tonic, contained extracts of cocaine as well as the caffeine-rich kola nut. While cocaine wasnt considered illegal until 1914, according to Live Science,  Candler began removing cocaine from the recipe in the early 1900s, and traces of cocaine may have been present in the famous beverage until 1929 when scientists were able to  perfect the removal of  all psychoactive elements from the coca-leaf extract. Advertising was an important factor in the successful sales of Coca-Cola, and by the turn of the century, the drink was sold across the United States and Canada. Around the same time, the company began selling syrup to independent bottling companies licensed to sell the drink. Even today, the U.S. soft drink industry is organized on this principle. Death of the Soda Fountain; Rise of the Bottling Industry Until the 1960s, both small-town and big-city dwellers enjoyed carbonated beverages at the local soda fountain or ice cream saloon. Often housed in the drugstore, the soda fountain counter served as a meeting place for people of all ages. Often combined with lunch counters, the soda fountain declined in popularity as commercial ice cream, bottled soft drinks, and fast-food restaurants became popular. The Birth and Death of New Coke On April 23, 1985, the trade secret New Coke formula was launched in response to declining sales thanks to an increasingly competitive cola market.  However, the new recipe was considered a failure. Coca-Cola fans had a negative, some say hostile, reaction to the new recipe, and within three months, the original cola that captured the hearts and tastebuds of the public returned. The return of the original cola taste came with new branding of Coca-Cola Classic. New Coke remained on the shelves, and in 1992 was rebranded Coke II, before finally being discontinued in 2002. As of 2017, Coca-Cola is a publicly-traded Fortune 500 company with more than $41.3 billion in annual revenue. The company has a workforce of 146,200 employees, and  its products are consumed at a rate of more than one billion drinks per day. Advertising Efforts: Id Like to Buy the World a Coke In 1969, The Coca-Cola Company and its advertising agency, McCann-Erickson, ended their popular Things Go Better With Coke campaign, replacing it with a campaign that centered on the slogan Its the Real Thing. Beginning with a hit song, the new campaign featured what proved to be one of the most popular ads ever created. The song Id Like to Buy the World a Coke was the brainchild of Bill Backer, the creative director on the Coca-Cola As he explained to songwriters Billy Davis and Roger Cook, I could see and hear a song that treated the whole world as if it were a person - a person the singer would like to help and get to know. Im not sure how the lyric should start, but I know the last line. With that he pulled out the paper napkin on which he had scribbled the line, Id like to buy the world a Coke and keep it company. On February 12, 1971, Id Like to Buy the World a Coke was shipped to radio stations throughout the United States. It promptly flopped. The Coca-Cola bottlers hated the ad and most refused to buy airtime for it. The few times the ad was played, the public paid no attention. Backer persuaded McCann to convince Coca-Cola executives that the ad was still viable but needed a visual dimension. The company eventually approved more than $250,000 for filming, at the time one of the largest budgets ever devoted to a television commercial. A Commercial Success The television ad Id Like to Buy the World a Coke was released in the United States in July 1971 and the response was immediate and dramatic. By November of that year, Coca-Cola and its bottlers had received more than 100,000 letters about the ad. Demand for the song was so great, many people called radio stations and asked deejays to play the commercial. Id Like to Buy the World a Coke made a lasting connection with the viewing public. Advertising surveys consistently identify it as one of the best commercials of all time, and the sheet music continues to sell more than 30  years after the song was written. A tribute to the success of the campaign, the commercial resurfaced over 40 years after it first launched, making an appearance in the finale of the hit TV show Mad Men in 2015.

Alices Adventures in Wonderland Study Questions

'Alice's Adventures in Wonderland' Study Questions Alice in Wonderland (Alices Adventures in Wonderland) is a famous and beloved childrens classic by Lewis Carroll. You may find these questions useful for book club discussions, Â  to help you with your studies, or to help with any discussion of the book. Questions for Study and Discussion What is significant about the title?What are the conflicts in Alice in Wonderland? What types of conflict (physical, moral, intellectual, or emotional)?How does Lewis Carroll reveal character in Alice in Wonderland?What are some themes in the story? How do they relate to the plot and characters?What are some symbols in Alice in Wonderland? How do they relate to the plot and characters?Is Alice consistent in her actions? Is she a fully developed character? How? Why?Does Alice change and/or develop as a human being?How does Alice relate to other characters in the book?Do you find the characters likable? Are the characters persons you would want to meet?Does the story end the way you expected? How? Why?What is the central/primary purpose of the story? Is the purpose important or meaningful?How does the past figure into the novel?How essential is the setting to the story? Could the story have taken place anywhere else?How does Carroll use poetry in this novel? Why?Would you recommend thi s novel to a friend?