Sexual Sadism And Sex Offenders Psychology Essay

Sexual Sadism And Sex Offenders Psychology Essay Sexual Sadism is a type of paraphilia that may involve making a person suffer in some way that may or may not lead to death. It varies from extreme forms of torture to mild. It can be with a consensual partner who is a masochist and also the injuring of a non consensual person. Sexual sadists usually have mental disorders such as psychopathy and antisocial personality disorder which can explain their level of violence and their lack of empathy for their victims. Many sex offenders are diagnosed with Paraphilias and sexual disorders. Paraphilias are recurrent intense sexual arousing fantasies or urges involving nonhuman objects, suffering, humiliation of oneself or ones partner, children or non consenting persons (APA, 1994). For some people these fantasies are necessary to achieve erotic arousal whereas for others they are episodic and the individual can be stimulated otherwise. This type of behavior, urges and fantasies can cause significant distress or impairment in social, occupational or other areas of functioning. It has to last over a period of at least six months (APA, 1994) .One of the most dangerous paraphilias is sexual sadism, which involves violence that may lead to death in which the offender gets sexual pleasure by inflicting pain on the victim. According to the DSM IV, sexual sadism is the act of humiliating, binding, beating, or making another person suffer in some way were sexual excitement is the result of control over the victim. It typically develops in adolescence with interests coming from masochistic masturbatory practices. Autoerotic asphyxia is a practice that constricts the oxygen during masturbation, accomplished with the use of a strangulation device. The purpose is to create a higher level of sexual excitement through the restriction of oxygen in the brain (Terry, 2006). The restriction of oxygen itself its not whats sexual exciting but its the combination of the behavior, lack of oxygen, danger and the fantasy. Sexual sadists are aroused by the torture and pain of the victim which can lead to death, but there offenders do not derive satisfaction from the murder itself. They are likely to mutilate and torture their victims becoming more aroused as there is an increase in the level of agony. Sexual sadism is usually not consensual and involves injury or death to the victim. The element of fear in the victim and complete control of the victim is the major stimuli in sexual sadism. Such as severe beating, torture, burning, cutting, rape and murder. Sexual offenders who are potentially most likely to meet the criteria of sexual sadism are typically those who sexually assault or who molest children. Some of the characteristics for sexual offenders are usually, schizoid, psychopath, antisocial, narcissist, lack or social skills and relationships. Sadists have been found to exhibit a large number of other paraphilias including transvestic fetishism, masochism, voyeurism, and exhibitionism. Some have alcohol and drug abuse, obsession traits, collects pornography, a history of impaired social relationships, physical and sexual abuse in childhood and extensive fantasy lives incorporating detailed sadistic fantasies (Kirch). Sex offenders who are sadistic usually lack empathy and emotion which might be a reason why they commit the most violence to their victims because they detach themselves. Deficits in empathy facilitate offending behavior, suggesting that offenders lack of awareness or sensitivity to other peoples feelings may impair their ability to appreciate the effects of their behavior on others (Kirsch). Emotions such as anger and shame are believed to fuel aggressive and retributive fantasies, and these fantasies are maintained and enhanced through the process of positive and negative emotional reinforcement. Feelings of inferiority are believed to be reduced during fantasy, while feelings of control, power, and dominance are enhanced. Sexual sadism may begin with fantasies and in some cases these may never be acted upon or be acted out in the more mild forms of consensual relationships. Sadistic fantasies and behaviors can include dominance, humiliation, bondage, biting, burning, whipping, penetration with foreign objects, strangulation, and mutilation of the body (Kirsch) Sadistic sexual fantasies are noted in certain adolescents. In some of these the fantasies serves rehearsal for future sadistic sexual acts, especially in adolescents with callous-unemotional personality who often emerge in adult life as psychopaths(Stone, 2010) . There is a difference in practicing sadism with a consenting partner and non consenting partner. In non-consensual cases, the behavior usually continues and often escalates over time as the perpetrator experiences a need for increased violence in order to stimulate the sexual response. The level of sadism varies from being in control, dominant and submissive in which the offender does this to a masochist person to injuring a non consensual partner. Sexual sadism is found predominately in males and usually onsets with puberty although sadistic behavior may be evident earlier in children. In all male cases, it becomes evident by early adulthood. In cases of female sexual sadism, onset is often later and often triggered by relationships with men who want to be d ominated. Kraft-Ebbing suggested that mastering and possessing an absolutely defenceless human object is part of sadism. He sub- classified sexual sadism into several categories including lust murder where there was a connection between sexual arousal and killing which may extend to cannibalism. These men are thought to rarely derive sexual satisfaction from the assault or murder and this distinguishes them from lust murderers for whom aggression and sexuality become fused into a single psychological experience sadism in which aggression is eroticized (Myers, W.C., Burgess, A.W., Burgess, A.G. and Douglas, J.E., 1999. Serial murder and sexual homicide. In: Van Hasselt, V. and Hersen, M., Editors, 1999. Handbook of psychological approaches with violent offenders, Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, pp. 153-172.Marshall,2003)Then theres the offender who mutilates the corpses, those who like to injure females, defilement of women, symbolic sadism, ideal sadism or sadistic fantasies alone without acts, sadism with other objects and sadistic acts with animals. MaccCulloch argues that the wish to control that is the primary motivating force in sadism, and because there is a range of degrees and kinds of control which can be applied by one person to another, sadism may manifest itself in a variety of ways. Normal sexual relationships include elements of dominance and submission, and hence control: indeed, modern manuals of sexual behavior often include bondage games as part of a suggested repertoire of sexual activity He defines sadism as the repeated practice of behavior and fantasy which is characterized by a wish to control another person by domination, denigration or inflicting pain, for the purpose of producing mental pleasure and sexual arousal whether or not accompanied by orgasm in the sadist. The range of controlling behavior under consideration forms a continuum from subtle verbal control through various types of psychological control to actual physical intervention such as bondage, imprisonment, hypnosis, anesthesia and even blows to render the victim unconscious or dead. As sadistic behavior gives pleasure to the sadist, and self-pleasuring behavior almost always has to be contrived, it would be expected that sadists devise situations which enable them to practice their sadism. If a central feature of sadism is control, then sadists would be expected to seek out actively and create situations where they have control. The concept that assailants stage-manage their control over others in order to give themselves pleasure provides a new frame of reference (Kuhne, 1962) Among sexual sadists ritualistic behaviors are one of the defining features. Not all the men violate the letter of the law, however much they may violate the spirit of the law. Some seek, and manage to achieve, attachment to willing partners (Stone, 2010). Researchers Janet Warren and Roy Hazelwood interviewed female partners of sexual sadists. Seven of the 20 sexual sadists with whom these women had affiliated had also murdered some of their victims .The relationships with these women were consensual, at least in the early phases; women had histories of having gone through physical abuse from a parent, or nine of the women were victims of incest by a father, brother, or even a female relative. These experiences these women experienced at an early age from their care takers allowed them to somehow expect, tolerate, and in some instances, even desire sadistic treatment at the hands of their sexual partners. The sexual sadists themselves initiated their partners into sadistic practices through a series of stages. In the candy and flowers stage, the man would win a woman with gifts, be a gentle man and be tender towards her, but then progress to a stage in which he expanded her sexual repertoire well beyond, and alien to, her prior experience. This might take such forms as forced anal sex, bondage, urinating on the woman, measured choking with release before unconsciousness occurred, etc. The mans quest for domination and total control might proceed to cutting the woman off from relatives and friends, such that she were now his sexual slave. If she were lucky, the pattern would progress no further. But in some cases, the drama would end in her death. Those sexual sadists who maintained ongoing relationships with a wife or girlfriend might lead a kind of double life, in which they exacted pain and suffering of a controlled sort with their partners, but also had a secret life in which they trolled for other women whom they tortured and murdered. In a number of examp les, the female partners were forced into becoming the inadvertent accomplices of sexually sadistic torture murder of other women. Some of these women, having been compliant in the beginning, desperately wanted out of the relationship toward the end but they were routinely threatened with torture and death themselves if they dared to exercise that option. Robert Anderson is an example of a sexual sadist who abducted Piper Streyle and ended up killing her. Her husband Vance Streyle remembered him coming to their trailer days before his wifes abduction to inquire about enrolling his kids into bible camp for the children. Several witnesses had seen Robert parked around the Streyles trailer in his black truck. When interviewed by the investigators he denied knowing anything about Pipers abduction or her whereabouts. It wasnt until the investigators got a search warrant to search his car and home. When investigators searched his car they found a wooden platform that had holes drilled into it. It was believed that it was made as a restraining device in which a persons ankles and hands could be tied to metal hoops that were strategically inserted into the board. The investigative team also found hairs attached to the wooden platform, which genetically matched pipers. More gruesome physical evidence was discovered around the river, which included several lengths of rope and chains, eyebolts, a vibrator and a half burned candle. It was believed that these items were used to torture Piper. According to investigators Hazelwood and Michaud, there was sufficient proof that Anderson was a sexual sadist who was excited by the physical and psychological suffering and helplessness of his victim. Their opinion was based on four factors one of them being that Anderson displayed an obvious interest in sexual bondage, a hallmark of the sexual sadist, which was represented by the restraints, d ildo, partially burnt candle, eyebolts, handcuff , keys, duct tape and plywood platform. The evidence found by investigators clearly indicated physical torture. It was surmised that after Piper was abducted, Anderson drove her to a wooded area near Baltic. While there he may have bound her to the platform, gagged her with duct tape, sheared her shirt off and then methodically tortured her with the dildo and candle before raping her. It is believed that he then murdered Piper and disposed of her body. Anderson admitted to police and friends that he liked anal sex, a preference his wife did not share. Research conducted by Hazelwood and Michaud found that sexual sadists prefer this form of sex. They believed that the dildo was used by Anderson to act out his fantasy. Conclusion Reference Page Stone ,M.H.(2010). Sexual Sadism: A portrait of Evil. Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis Dynamic Psychiatry, Vol 38, 133-157 Kirsch,L.G, Becker,J.V .(2007). Emotional Deficits in psychopathy and sexual sadism: Implications for violent and sadistic behavior. Clinical psychology review. Vol 27, 904-922 Marshall,W.L, Kennedy,P.(2003).Sexual sadism in sexual offenders: An illusive diagnosis. Agression and violent behavior, Vol 8, 1-22 MacCulloch,M.J et al (1983). Sadistic Fantasy, Sadistic Behavior and Offending. Brit . J. Psychiat, 143, 20-29 Rachel,B .(2003) Robert Anderson: Awakening The Devil.Retrieved May 2,2010 from trutv website: http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/serial_killers/predators/robert_anderson/8.html Terry, K.J. (2006) Sexual Offenses and Offenders: Theory, Practice, and Policy. Pgs 84-91

e-Business and e-Commerce Infrastructure Essay -- Business Finance

E-Commerce E-commerce (electronic commerce) can be defined as commercial transactions of goods and services over the internet and other computer networks (Chaudhury & Kuilboer, 2002). It consists of online shopping, online banking and e-learning (Tkacz & Kapczynski, 2009). E-commerce is becoming increasingly popular since the spread of the internet. The e-commerce users are businesses, consumers and government departments (Kessler, 2009). E-commerce is controversial but the advantages of it greatly outweigh the disadvantages. To begin with, e-commerce offers consumers speed and convenience. E-shopping involves a web site that sells goods and/or services without the direct, face to face, contact between the vendor and the customer. This process is easy and only takes a few clicks before the client/customer has bought themself something. Compared to the traditional way of shopping, online shopping is far more convenient. The traditional way of shopping involves driving the car to shopping centers and if the desired item is not there, then driving to further shops. After getting to the desired destination, the customer has to â€Å"fight† for parking space, walk from store to store and aisle to aisle looking for the items desired. After that process, there is a chance the queue for the checkouts are long. Then there is the issue of carrying out the merchandise. This whole shopping process can take hours (Kessler, 2009)! Many people avoid all this hassle nowadays by shopping online in the comfort of th eir own home. According to a study (Entrepreneur, 2003) 72% of online shoppers chose convenience over privacy. In addition, consumers can shop without time limitation with 24 hour access at because the World Wid... ...le PDFCite ArticleFavorite GlobalSchoolnet.org. (1999-2011). http://www.globalschoolnet.org/index.cfm. Handfield, R. (2011). What is Supply Chain Management? The Supply Chain Resource Cooperative http://scm.ncsu.edu/scm-articles/article/what-is-supply-chain-management. Retrieved May 6, 2012 Kessler, M. (2003). â€Å"More shoppers proceed to checkout online.† USA Today. Retrieved May 6, 2012. Malawer, S. S. (2001). Global Governance of E-commerce and Internet Trade: Recent Developments. In World Trade Law. http://www.worldtradelaw.net/articles/malawerecommerce.pdf. Retrieved May 6, 2012. The Daily. September 27, 2010. â€Å"Ecommerce: Shopping on the Internethttp://www.statcan.gc.ca/daily- quotidien/100927/dq100927a-eng.htm. Retrieved May 6, 2012. Tkacz, E. & Kapczynski, A. (2009). Internet - Technical Development and Applications. Boston: MA Springer.

Professionalism in the Army

A soldier is measured by his ability to do his job successfully, tactfully, and professionally. Being a professional at everything you do will help you succeed in every aspect of your life. The definition of professionalism as by Merriam-Webster is the conduct, aims, or qualities that characterize or mark a profession or professional person. Being in the Ranger Regiment we are considered professionals. How we train, perform, and even hold ourselves to the Army Values and Ranger Creed make us the elite fighting force we are.In this essay I will talk about what professionalism is, what professionalism means to me as well as what it means to this unit, 75th Ranger Regiment. In any profession there are many attributes accompanied with professionalism. In the 75th Ranger Regiment, like all professional jobs, in order to be successful experience, communication, and moral ethics will make any individual succeed. Experience can help save time and effort. Learning from ones past mistakes and accomplishments can be very valuable in any work place.Being able to effectively communicate is key. As an intelligence professional knowing what to say and how to get into peoples minds can prove to help a great deal on the battle field. Ethics is knowing the difference between right and wrong from good from bad, this is what being a professional is. Every single person’s morals and values of life are different. To me professionalism means to lead by example, to try your best and give it your all no matter who is watching.As well as to put in the time and effort, to act on your best behavior and to get any task presented done giving one hundred percent. These are all traits of what professionalism means to me. No matter if your a private or a commander being a professional within this unit is the standard we all should live by. What Professionalism means to the 75th Ranger Regiment is simple. If you follow and uphold the Ranger Creed you will always be successful within this unit.Giving one hundred percent even when no one is watching. Being the best at ones job giving one hundred percent, these are all traits of a professional within this organization, and what the Ranger Creed stands by. In conclusion, being a profession will help you succeed in life. Leading by example, or giving it your all when no one is watching. This is what I believe professionalism means to me as well as this unit. These are the conduct, aims, or qualities that characterize or mark a profession or professional person.

Society in A Midsummer Night’s Dream by William Shakespeare

William Shakespeare uses his word craft and characters as outlets addressing social issues, race, class, and or gender. Through his plays, he emulates the real world and is able to manipulate his worlds to allow his audience to see everything from all sides. In A Midsummer Night’s Dream and discussed in â€Å"Jack shall have Jill;/Nought shall go ill† by Shirley Nelson Garner, in order for the world of men and patriarchal society and hierarchies to be secure and be well, the homoerotic relationships and relationships between women have to be subdued. Although A Midsummer Night’s Dream is a comedy, we can observe through important scenes what Shakespeare may imply when it comes to social issues, race, class, and or gender; in this case is the overpowering of women by men. Merchant in Venice is another play in which Shakespeare uses his characters to approach social issues of his time. 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Colorado Colleges SAT Score Comparison for Admission

The Ordinary Cdbs Is Relation Database System - 1565 Words

This paper describes the ordinary CDBS is Relation Database System (RDBS), which has the great system for transactions processing and locking. Locking mechanism in DDBS is similar to that in RDBS, but it is more complex because of data distribution and transaction concurrence in distributed database system. state that the Lock table and Two-stage Locking convention (2PL) are utilized as a part of Relation Database Management System (RDBMS) with multi-granularity convention for accessing operation of lock scheduler. The lock table correspondence describes each element that s locked in the lock table.There are 3 locking models for RDBMS namely DB2,Oracle,Sql server 2005. Row-level shared locks allow multiple users to read data, but do not allow any users to change that data.Table-level shared locks allow multiple users to perform read and write operations on the table, but do not allow any users to perform DDL operations.Multiple users can hold shared locks simultaneously. An exclusiv e lock allows only one user/connection to update a particular piece of data (insert, update, and delete). When one user has an exclusive lock on a row or table, no other lock of any type may be placed on it. Each Xact must obtain a S (shared) lock on object before reading, and an X (exclusive) lock on object before writing. A transaction can release its locks once it has performed its desired operation (R or W). A transaction cannot request additional locks once it releases any locks. All locksShow MoreRelatedProject Managment Case Studies214937 Words   |  860 Pageson acid-free paper. @ Copyright O 2006 by John Wiley Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Published by John Wiley Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey Published simultaneously in Canada No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of t he 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permissionRead MoreDeterminants of International Trade Essay22457 Words   |  90 Pagesthis field was originally very poor but since the second half of the 1970s several theoretical developments have appeared in support of the gravity model (Anderson, 1979; Bergstrand, 1985 and 1989; Helpman and Krugman, 1996; Deardorff, 1995). In relation to why does gravity work, Harrigan (2001) discriminates between aggregated and disaggregated studies. This author states that “most of the evidence that gravity works comes from aggregated data (Â…) it is surprising how little work has been done

Social Media Marketing & Improved Consumer-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Importance of Social Media in Conducting Business. Answer: Introduction: The importance of social media in conducting business in a highly competitive world can never be overstated. While on the one hand, the efficient use of social media sites such as Facebook and Instagram help the emerging companies gain recognition amongst the consumers, it also assists already recognized companies increase their traffic to their official websites. Since the inception of social media sites, these sites have been utilized by the business organizations to build relation with the consumers and keep them updated about the new products and services. However, presently, the advent of professional sites like LinkedIn has also simplified the job of the Human Resource Managers of an organization, helping them attract talented workforce without spending huge amount of money or long hours tryng to get in touch with the deserving employees. There can be no gain stating the obvious fact that social media marketing is no longer an optional matter, but an integral marketing strategy. It is indeed an essential way to reach out to the customers, gain valuable insights about their attitude towards the brand, and build the brand reputation (Aral et al. 2013). However, despite the potential advantages of social media marketing, there are certain intricacies of social media marketing which can prove to be hard and challenging to manage. For example, lack of security on the information shared on these sites, difficulty in controlling negative feedback of clients, and time-intensive marketing procedure requires much supervision over the social media activities. Hence, there are both advantages as well as serious disadvantages behind the use of social media. Discussion: Social Media Marketing and Improved Consumer Loyalty: One of the principal marketing strategies each organization wishes to incorporate in its business plan is to attract potential clients as well as to retain the existent customers. However, most of the companies in todays world encounter cut-throat competition and find it hard to retain its clients. Herein lays the importance of social media marketing. According to the survey report by Sensis, 90% of the Australians belonging to the age group of 18to 39 years have daily access to the social media sites out of which 95% of them use Facebook on a daily basis (Ngai et al. 2015). Similarly, research reports also suggest that in Australia, there are approximately 5,000,000 active users of Instagram while as many as 14,800,000 people daily watches videos on YouTube. Figure 1: Use of Social Media in Australia, 2017 Source: (Rodriguez et al. 2015) It becomes clearly evident that large number of people uses social media and thus advertising a product on these sites will help in attracting attention of the consumer towards a new brand or a new offer of an old brand. The use of interesting, emotional and catchy stories in the form of videos on YouTube can also help the customers become aware of a brand, even though the consumers themselves may not realize that a brand name was endorsed in the process of playing the video. Often many companies share pictures of their new products, offer discounts by engaging consumers who are their followers on these sites and respond to the consumer grievances and queries via social media sites like Facebook Messenger, Twitter, etc. This form of continuous interaction with the client helps in building relation with the consumers. Gain Insights into Customer Needs: In order to make better business decisions as well as to ensure longer sustainability, business organizations need to understand the changing needs of the consumers. Each new day, there are approximately 500 million tweets, 4.5 billion likes on Facebook as well as 95 million photos posted on Instagram, and a company can easily understand its position in the competitive market, by analyzing the number of likes and shares its posts and pictures receive each new day (Agnihotri et al. 2016). Further, it should be noted that most of the earlier studies have focused on the benefits of social media tools and have overlooked the significant use of social media analytic tool like Hootsuite Insights, that help in gauging customer response to these social sites, as well as critically analyze the interaction of the consumers about the specific brand over the social media sites (Holt 2016). With the help of prominent graphic visualizations, this analytical tool helps in informing the company abou t the changing behavior of the customers. Social Media Aids in Targeting Relevant Audience: While targeting relevant audience is a matter of primary importance, creating customized clients and sharing advertisements exclusively with them is important. The use of popular hash tags on Instagram and Twitter can always attract the relevant audience, for example, #glasses can help in attracting sunglass consumers. Since the Facebook newsfeed becomes overcrowded with multiple adverts, organizations seeking immediate consumer attention can also employ the use of Google+ and Sprout that enable demographic or interest-based audience targeting, which in turn enhances the visibility of the adverts (Scott 2015). Use of Blogs in Marketing a Product and Enhancing the Brand Image: While discussing about social media marketing, it should be noted that most of the organizations focus on the well-known and most popular social media sites like Facebook and Twitter. However, many companies fail to develop consumer awareness simply because they ignore blogs and review sites which also help in enhancing their visibility. This is the reason why companies, especially the small and emerging ones, which are present on Yelp and Pinterest, are able to network and promote their business much more effectively (Tuten and Solomon 2014). Besides, many companies use online blogs to attract strangers, turn them into regular visitors and ultimately sell them products. Figure 2: Diagram Showing how Blogs Work Source: (Fuchs 2017) As evident from the above diagram, engaging bloggers to write blogs for a company help in enhancing the traffic coming to the company website, ultimately helping to convert the traffic into leads. Social Media as a Recruitment Weapon: Although it is less acknowledged a fact, social media does assist an organization attract talented workforce as well. According to research reports, 61% of the employees use social media sites to research about a company, and hence the presence of an organization on social sites helps in creating the employer brand (Treem et al. 2013). Hence, having an established social media presence is highly important. Besides, needless to state that many potential employers connect with the suitable and deserving employees via professional social media sites like LinkedIn. Cost-efficient Marketing Tactic: Endorsing a product or developing the brand image via social sites was never so cheaper with traditional media such as newspapers or television and radio adverts. According to research reports, social media sites like Facebook and Google are not only going to overtake a major part of the TV audience, but also enables business organizations to endorse their products absolutely at free of cost. Unlike any other media, social media allows an organization reach out to a huge number of people at once with no cost other than installation of social media sites. Social Media is Time Intensive: Although the social media sites have been considered to be efficient tools for marketing, the use of social media marketing takes a lot of time. In fact, the idea of social media site is based on two-way communication process (Okazak and Taylor 2013). Hence, a marketing manager will have to actively monitor the interaction over the sites, respond to each individual comment, as well as handle customer queries about product information, price details, and others with much time and patience. Social Media as a Cost-Intensive Medium is a Myth: Social media marketing can also get very expensive. First of all, since social media marketing requires constant engagement with client, it is important to hire at least a couple of marketing managers who will be entrusted with the duty of sharing posts or responding to consumer queries. Although content marketing helps a company to increase traffic to its website, each new day at least 500 new websites are being created writing blogs and articles and promoting various products. In order to stay in the competition, companies have to spend huge amount of money for paid advertisements, and as per the recent IZEA survey, 61% of the marketers pay a higher amount to an external marketer for promoting their products (Hays et al. 2013). Opening up an account on these sites is easier, but without paid advertisements, attracting new consumers is almost impossible. Social Media Sites Often Lead to Negative Reputation: Consumer dissatisfaction is not a new issue, and in fact a earlier times also, consumers used to complaint about the product or service they did not like. However, the problem arises when these unhappy customers get an opportunity of giving a company one star rating, poor review openly on the social media sites (Rokka et al. 2014). This negative feedback can instantly malign the reputation of a company and dissuade its potential customers to stay loyal to the company. In fact, the negative feedback, information leaks or hacking remain some of the most potential drawbacks of social media marketing. Social Media and Hacking Issues: The social media sites can also prove to be intrusive to the privacy of many companies. A variety of malware, spyware, adware and ransom ware can lead to hacking issues. In case the official account of a company is hacked, it can lead to the offensive customer reactions and failed marketing efforts (Georgescu and Popescul 2015). Identification of Literature Gap: Although most of the literary articles and business journals reviewed, state the importance of the social networking sites in enhancing brand reputation and increasing sales, the number of research articles discussing the limitations and drawbacks is very limited. Further, most of the literary articles have primarily focused on the most well-known social media sites such as Facebook, Twitter and Instagram. However, some of the less known social media sites find no mention here. Conclusion: To sum it up, it becomes clearly evident that the social networking sites are of much use to help a company in its marketing efforts. It is a well-known fact that the social media is critical to the marketing and customer service success of any organization operating in any part of the world. Reduction in the price of marketing and promotion, easy access to a larger customer base, opportunity for direct customer interaction and customer feedback, as well as improved ranking on search engine websites definitely boost the sales and brand reputation of a company. However, social media tools used for business must be managed well in order to ensure marketing success as there are potential drawbacks as well. Reference List: Agnihotri, R., Dingus, R., Hu, M.Y. and Krush, M.T., 2016. Social media: Influencing customer satisfaction in B2B sales.Industrial Marketing Management,53, pp.172-180. 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